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ISSN: 2766-2276
> General Science. 2021 May 20;2(5):328-332. doi: 10.37871/jbres1236.

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open access journal Case Series

Clinical Findings and Prognosis of COVID-19 Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Case Series

Sepideh Babaniamansour1, Ahmadreza Atarodi2, Parto Babaniamansour3, Mohammad Dehghani Firouzabadi4, Mohammadreza Majidi5 and Sepideh Karkon-Shayan6*

1School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
4ENT and Head & Neck Research Center. The Five Senses Health Institute. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran/ Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
6Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
*Corresponding author: Sepideh Karkon-Shayan, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran, Tel: +989-149-238077, ORCID: 0000-0002-1278-723X; Tel: +351-913-582-058; E-mail:
Received: 16 April 2021 | Accepted: 19 May 2021 | Published: 20 May 2021
How to cite this article: Babaniamansour S, Atarodi A, Babaniamansour P, Firouzabadi MD, Majidi M, Karkon-Shayan S. Clinical Findings and Prognosis of COVID-19 Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Case Series. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2021 May 20; 2(5): 328-332. doi: 10.37871/jbres1236, Article ID: JBRES1236
Copyright:© 2021 Babaniamansour S, et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0.
Keywords
  • COVID-19
  • Prostatic hyperplasia
  • Patient outcome assessment

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is accompanied by high comorbidities and a worse prognosis in those with underlying diseases. Older men are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) accounts for a large portion of this population, so this study presented the clinical and paraclinical features of 20 COVID-19 patients with BPH and their outcome. The mean age of participants was 76.8 ± 7.9 years. Respiratory symptoms are the most common complaints and Ground glass and opacities infiltration were the most frequent findings in the chest computed tomography. Mostly the level of C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase were high, but hemoglobin and lymphocyte count were low. They underwent standard management and all were discharged and stayed alive in the one-month follow-up. Besides the high prevalence of BPH and high mortality rate of COVID-19 in older men, the present study showed that COVID-19 patients with BPH had a good prognosis.

Ongoing Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) became one of the most challenging issues in the health system, worldwide [1,2]. COVID-19 is a multifaceted disease with multiorgan comorbidities. It is presented as cough, fever, dyspnea, headache, myalgia, and urinary symptoms. COVID-19 is infected millions of people and has a high potency of poor prognosis in those with underlying diseases. COVID-19 is diagnosed by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test in the world besides it can make significant non-specific changes in the radiological and laboratory results [3-10].

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in more than half of men aged 60 years and higher worldwide [11]. It is a result of stromal and epithelial proliferation following the aging population and changes of androgens thus lead to restrict the urine flow and increase the risk of urinary infection. Given the fact that older men are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection and BPH accounts for a large portion of this population, considering their prognosis is of paramount importance [11-15].

Limited studies are presenting the clinical features of COVID-19 in patients with BPH and the prognosis is still a matter of debate [16]. This study aimed to present the clinical and paraclinical features of COVD-19 patients with BPH and their outcome with one-month follow-up.

This study was conducted at general internal medicine of Allameh Behlool Gonabadi Hospital Education, Research and Medical Center, affiliated to Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran, between April and August 2020. Twenty patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in this study (Of whom all had BPH and received α-blockers or 5α-reductase inhibitors. They were all Caucasian and resisted in Gonabad, Iran. No other underlying disease was reported). COVID-19 was diagnosed based on positive results of the RT-PCR test.

The mean age of participants was 76.8 ± 7.9 years. None of the patients had a history of close contact with a known or suspected case of COVID-19 in the last 4 two weeks. Most patients complained about dyspnea, cough, and distress. In a systematic review, there was no further complaint except for the aforementioned ones in table 1. Ground glass and opacities infiltration were the most frequent findings in the chest CT-scan reports, but there was no evidence of cavitation, calcifications of lymph node or plaque, cyst, pericardial effusion, mediastinal enlargement, reticulation, fibrotic changes, and bronchiectasis.

The patients underwent standard management according to their clinical status and risk factors. Nine patients received hydroxychloroquine as the main treatment (With no reported side effect) and all of the patients were discharged from the hospital, stayed alive in the one-month follow-up, and revealed no developed symptoms in favor of COVID-19 (Table 1).

Table 2 shows the laboratory findings in CBC, coagulation, inflammation, and biochemical terms. In most cases, the level of CRP and LDH were high and the level of Hb and lymphocyte count were low (Table 2).

Table 1: Baseline information, chest CT-scan findings and treatments.
Case Symptoms PMH and Habits Vital signs Positive findings in
chest CT-scan		 Treatment
1 Dyspnea, cough, distress Nothing SBP(197), DBP(93), O2 Sat(90), T(37), HR(110) Ground glass opacities infiltration, pleural effusion Hydroxychloroquine, Ceftriaxone, and supportive therapy
2 Dyspnea Nothing SBP(174), DBP(98), O2 Sat(90), T(36), HR(100) Lobular involvement, solid nodules, atelectasis Supportive therapy
3 Dyspnea, fever, significant weight loss, cough, Smoking, opium addict SBP(108), DBP(59), O2 Sat(97), T(38), HR(80) Emphysema, chest wall thickness Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, and supportive therapy
4 Fever, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weakness, anorexia, Nothing SBP(95), DBP(55), O2 Sat(96), T(38), HR(85) Consolidation, lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion, cardiomegaly, Emphysema Hydroxychloroquine, Meropenem, Vancomycin, and supportive therapy
5 Dyspnea, low extremities edema, dysphagia, distress Smoking SBP(81), DBP(57), O2 Sat(75), T(36), HR(109) Solid nodules Supportive therapy
6 Dyspnea, weakness, nausea, vomiting Nothing SBP(123), DBP(78), O2 Sat(97), T(37), HR(70) Ground glass opacities infiltration Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, and supportive therapy
7 General edema, distress Smoking, opium addict SBP(81), DBP(57), O2 Sat(75), T(36), HR(103) Solid nodules Supportive therapy
8 Weakness Nothing SBP(108), DBP(63), O2 Sat(96), T(37), HR(73) Pleural effusion Hydroxychloroquine and supportive therapy
9 Dyspnea, cough, distress Nothing SBP(156), DBP(86), O2 Sat(93), T(37), HR(101) Ground glass opacities infiltration, solid nodules Ceftriaxone and supportive
therapy
10 Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting Nothing SBP(152), DBP(86), O2 Sat(97), T(37), HR(85) No abnormal findings Hydroxychloroquine, Ceftazidime, and supportive therapy
11 Fever, dyspnea, weakness Nothing SBP(149), DBP(74), O2 Sat(95), T(39), HR(90) Ground glass opacities infiltration Supportive therapy
12 Fever, nausea, vomiting weakness Nothing SBP(128), DBP(93), O2 Sat(94), T(39), HR(92) Ground glass opacities infiltration, Consolidation Hydroxychloroquine, Ceftriaxone, and supportive therapy
13 Nausea, vomiting Nothing SBP(135), DBP(75), O2 Sat(93), T(36), HR(85) Ground glass opacities infiltration, solid nodules Supportive therapy
14 Chills, dyspnea, cough, distress Nothing SBP(142), DBP(78), O2 Sat(70), T(37), HR(110) Consolidation Hydroxychloroquine and supportive therapy
15 Fever, dyspnea Nothing SBP(108), DBP(59), O2 Sat(97), T(38), HR(80) Emphysema Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem, and supportive therapy
16 Cough Nothing SBP(150), DBP(90), O2 Sat(95), T(37), HR(80) Ground glass opacities infiltration, pleural effusion Hydroxychloroquine, Cefepime, Co-amoxiclav, and supportive therapy
17 Fever, dyspnea, sweating, cough Smoking, opium addict SBP(108), DBP(59), O2 Sat(97), T(38), HR(75) Emphysema Azithromycin, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, and supportive therapy
18 Wheezing, cough Nothing SBP(145), DBP(87), O2 Sat(91), T(37), HR(90) Ground glass opacities infiltration Hydroxychloroquine, Ceftazidime, and supportive therapy
19 Dyspnea, stomachache, cough Nothing SBP(138), DBP(89), O2 Sat(97), T(37), HR(84) Ground glass opacities infiltration, Consolidation Supportive therapy
20 Fever, cough, dyspnea, ageusia, weakness, distress Nothing SBP(108), DBP(75), O2 Sat(93), T(39), HR(105) Ground glass opacities infiltration Ceftriaxone and supportive therapy
PMH: Past Medical History; CT-scan: Computed Tomography scan; HTN: Hypertension; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; CAD: Coronary Artery Disease; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; O2 Sat: O2 Saturation; T: Temperature
Table 2:  Laboratory findings in case group.
Case CBC Coagulation Inflammation Biochemical
Hb WBC Neut Lymph Plt* PT PTT D-dimer  CRP ESR LDH ALT AST Bil Alb CK Cr
1 13.2 9600 7800 1300 184 13 24 660 0 - 646 61 32 1.4 4.6 505 1.1
2 13.4 7800 5430 710 80 15.3 33.5 8200 2+ 21 787 22 49 0.9 - 179 1.5
3 10.3 10800 8800 1200 436 13 30 - 2+ 84 - - - - - - 0.8
4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 11.7 12000 9900 1500 124 26.4 48.6 >8200 3+ 2 820 216 282 1.7 3.5 - 4.3
6 12.4 7400 6200 600 188 13 33.9 - 1+ 66 - - - - - - 4.5
7 11.7 12000 9900 1500 124 26.4 48.6 >8200 3+ 2 820 216 282 1.7 3.5 - 4.3
8 - 8200 -   - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 12.3 4100 2296 1189 206 15.8 37.4 - 1+ 49 279 11 15 - 4 130 1
10 - - - - - - - 880 - - 267 - - - 4.5 45 -
11 14.8 9100 7660 910 223 16.7 36 - - 6 - 10 20 - - - 1.3
12 15 9500 8600 300 128 17.5 41 940 2+ - 292 40 48 1.3 4.5 28 1.2
13 13.1 4400 1900 1800 89 14.7 32 2740 2+ 11 363 19 37 5.1 4.8 86 1.1
14 9.6 10000 8000 1400 439 16.2 36 >10000 1+ 98 579 49 38 0.6 3.7 223 0.9
15 10.3 10800 6800 750 436 13 30 - 2+ 84 - - - - - - 0.8
16 13.7 6600 5100 1000 200 34 104 455 - 47 4.9 - - 13.4 - 109 3
17 10.3 10800 9600 1200 436 13 30 - 2+ 84 - - - - -   0.8
18 14 5800 4582 928 151 14.7 30 4690 3+ 5 347 - - - 4.1 89 1
19 16.6 7700 5005 2310 250 15.1 35 820 - - 400 - - - - 52 0.9
20 15.7 3400 600 600 110 13 30 755 3+ 4 722 30 55 - 4.2 802 1.2
*Plt was divided by 1000. CBC: Complete Blood Count; Hb: Hemoglobin; WBC: White Blood Cell; Neut: Neutrophil; Lymph: Lymphocyte; Plt: Platelet; PT: Prothrombin Time; PTT: Partial Thromboplastin Time; CRP: C-Reactive Protein; ESR: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase; ALT: Alanine Transaminase; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; Bil: Bilirubin; Alb: Albumin; CK: Creatinine Phosphokinase; Cr: Creatinine. Normal range: Hb (14-17.5), WBC (4000-11000), Plt (150000-450000), PT (12-14), PTT (24-40), D-dimer (<0.5), ESR (<20), LDH (< 480), AST (< 37), ALT (< 41), Bil direct (0.1-0.3), Alb (3.5-5.2), CK (24-170), Cr (0.7-1.4).

COVID-19 pandemic became an enormous challenge for the health system. It is presented as a mild to severe infection and spreads at an alarming rate worldwide. The severity of symptoms and the patients’ prognosis are function of patients’ health condition, demographic and socioeconomic features. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the possible factors associated with the prognosis of COVID-19 patients [17-19].

In this regard, studies declared that the mortality rate in COVID-19 patients was significantly associated with the presence of underlying diseases. Among 45000 COVID-19 patients in China, the mortality rate was ten times higher in those with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or hypertension [20,21]. Besides that, elders are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection. A study in Italy showed that more than 90% of COVID-19 patients were over 60 years old, and age was directly associated with the mortality rate [21]. In addition, studies declared that males are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection and worse prognosis than females. In this regard, studies in China, South Korea, and Italy showed that the mortality rate was 59% to 75% in males with COVID-19, which might be related to androgen-mediated mechanisms [20,22-26]. A study declared that the prevalence of COVID-19 was increased progressively in males over 60 years old. Low testosterone level in older men was associated with the decrease in respiratory muscles activities, which made them more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and poor prognosis. BPH is a known non-cancerous condition that is highly prevalent in older men. Patients with BPH usually have all the aforementioned risk factors, besides the high rate of urinary complications and infection [25].

Therefore, patients with BPH are a suitable population for comparing the findings and prognosis. However, limited studies focused on COVID-19 patients with BPH. Topaktas, et al. [11] investigated the COVID-19 prognosis in 18 patients with BPH and showed that only one of them died, two were admitted to the intensive care unit, and the rest had a good prognosis. Consistent with Topaktas, the present study showed that COVID-19 patients with BPH had a good prognosis.

In summary, COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease and affected millions of people. Besides the high prevalence of BPH in older men and the high rate of COVID-19 infection in the age and gender-matched population, the present study showed that COVID-19 patients with BPH had no exacerbation of BPH symptoms and all had a good prognosis. It is highly recommended to perform further studies with a large sample size and compare more laboratory findings like interleukin titration.

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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